Cultural and Social Cognition Laboratory

Past research found that Westerners (e.g., Americans, British, and Canadians) tend to have linear lay theories of change, predicting that past trends will continue in the same direction as in the past (e.g., a previously increasing stock price will continue to increase in the near future). In contrast, Easterners (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans) tend to have cyclical lay theories of change, predicting the past trends will reverse (e.g., a previously increasing stock price will decrease in the near future).

We have recently found that such cultural differences are related to individual differences in regulatory focus (having a promotion vs prevention orientation).

We are currently investigating the effects of lay theories of change on people’s planning for the future.

Past research claimed to find that when answering on Likert Scales, Easterners tend to respond closer to the midpoints of the scales than Westerners. However, such studies rely on existing data using actual content based questions, and thus it is uncertain whether the differences were caused by response bias or actual differences in thinking about content (e.g., actual attitude differences). We have thus been exploring cultural and individual differences in response biases more systematically.

We have recently found that there does appear to be a cultural difference response bias, but it is not the simple midpoint response bias that has been purported to exist.

We are currently investigating the effects of cultural differences in thinking styles on people’s health beliefs.

We have been exploring cultural and individual differences in factors that affect relationships quality.

We have recently found that intriguing individual differences in factors that affect Sibling Relationship Quality which differ across cultures.

• Dr Tieyuan Guo, University of Macau, China
• Dr Li-Jun Ji, Queen’s University, Canada
• Dr Mai Helmy, Minoufiya University, Egypt
• Dr Markus Zenger, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

• Schmalbach, B., Zenger, M., Spina, R., Steffens-Guerra I., Kliem, S.; Michaelides, M., Hinz, A., & Zenger, M. (2017). Gain +1 or Avoid -1: Validation of the German Regulatory Focus Questionnaire (RFQ), BioMedCentral Psychology, 5-40, 1-11. doi 10.1186/s40359-017-0207-y.
• Schmalbach B., Spina R., Steffens-Guerra I., Franke G. H., Kliem S., Michaelides M. P., Hinz A., & Zenger M. (2017). Psychometric Properties of the German Version of the Health Regulatory Focus Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 8-2005, 1-10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02005
• Guo T., & Spina, R. (2016). Chinese are more loss averse than British. Asian Journal of Social Psychology.
• Guo, T., & Spina, R. R., (2015). Regulatory focus affects predictions of the future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
• Guo, T., Ji, L.J., Spina, R. R., & Zhang, Z. (2012). Culture, Temporal Focus, and Values of the Past and the Future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
• Wilson, D., Spina, R. R., & Canaan, J. (2011). In Praise of the Carceral Tour: Learning from the Grendon Experience. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice.
• Spina, R. R., Ji, L. J., Guo, T., Zhang, Z, Ye, L., & Fabrigar, L. (2010). Cultural differences in the representativeness heuristic: Expecting a correspondence in magnitude between cause and effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
• Spina, R. R., Ji, L. J., Ross, M., & Zhang, Z. (2010). Why best can't last: Cultural differences in anticipating a regression toward the mean. Asian Journal of Social Psychology.
• Heine, S. J., Foster, J., & Spina, R. R. (2009). Do birds of a feather universally flock together? Cultural variation in the similarity-attraction effect. Asian Journal of Social Psychology.